{"id":2419,"date":"2025-06-27T12:51:16","date_gmt":"2025-06-27T12:51:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/?p=2419"},"modified":"2025-07-01T11:13:12","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T11:13:12","slug":"enhancement-of-spirulina-platensis-remediation-action-using-biosurfactants-for-wastewater-treatment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/enhancement-of-spirulina-platensis-remediation-action-using-biosurfactants-for-wastewater-treatment\/","title":{"rendered":"Enhancement of Spirulina platensis Remediation Action Using Biosurfactants for Wastewater Treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2419\" class=\"elementor elementor-2419\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e86a5d1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5e86a5d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1f275f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1f275f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enhancement of Spirulina platensis Remediation Action Using Biosurfactants for Wastewater Treatment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f0390c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f0390c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<p>Pollution of water systems with heavy metals is an urgent problem for many countries. Wastewater is the main pathway for pollution of rivers and water systems from heavy metals. Wastewater treatment is expensive and not always ecologically friendly. That is why alternative methods of water purification based on the use of harmless biological objects are very relevant. This work focused on the framework of a new approach of water cleansing polluted by lead and copper, by using combined action of the ecological potential of algae Spirulina platensis and chelating agent \u2013 biosurfactant. It has been chosen to work the concentration of metals \u2013 100 ppm. It is clear from a series of tests that the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions by biomass of Spirulina is improved and sped up by using ecologically friendly biosurfactants\u2014Rhamnolipids and Trehalose lipid. Specifically, the process of metals removal from polluted water is sped up by 24 h, which will be considered in creating a quick response strategy of wastewater treatment technology. Rhamnolipid1 enhances the absorption of copper by Spirulina Platensis by about 42%, Rhamnolipid2-by 68%, and Trehalose lipid by 73%. These results are more important in comparison to the well-known chelating agent of heavy metals\u2014EDTA, which is toxic to the environment. Obtained experimental data will possible to provide an inexpensive and ecologically friendly approach for purifying wastewater from lead and copper ions.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d39846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d39846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Article Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spirulina platensis as an ecologically friendly remediator for water purification;<\/li>\n<li>Spirulina platensis uptakes Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions from wastewater;<\/li>\n<li>Biosurfactants\u2014enhancer of the dynamics of heavy metals absorption by Spirulina.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99e535b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"99e535b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0372a5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0372a5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cb8b43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2cb8b43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4168bdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4168bdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nowadays, heavy metal pollution of terrestrial and abovewater ecosystems has become a global environmental challenge. The gross violation of natural ecological equilibrium\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">and ecosystems-ground and surface waters get an irreversible reaction, reflecting on the local population\u2019s health\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">(Briffa et al. 2020). The sources of water pollution are urban,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">agricultural, and industrial wastewater. Heavy metals occur\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">in ecosystems from prolonged exploitation of ore deposits.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">It creates serious problems with environmental protection\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">issues (Tumanyan et al. 2020). Excess amounts of heavy\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">metals have a toxic effect on the health of people. This is\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">often the cause of mental disorders in children (Jaishankar<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">et al. 2014). Too much copper causes physiological and pro<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">teomic changes in plants (Ahsan et al. 2006). In the human\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">body, copper accumulates in the liver, which leads to liver\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">failure and metabolic disorders \u2013 Wilson\u2019s disease. It causes\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">skin pigmentation, low energy, and chronic fatigue. An enor<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">mous amount of copper, as well as lead, causes the most\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">severe complications of the human nervous system (Thom<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">son 2006; Zischka 2014).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Recently, is a priority to introduce technologies that are\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">characterized by low costs and efficiency against a wide\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">range of pollutants (Verma and Suthar 2015; Kurniawan\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">et al. 2006). Bioremediation is a flexible technology based\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">on the unique ability of organisms to cleanse any contami<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">nated environment. The advantages are technological feasi<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">bility, low costs, minimal rainfall, and competitive perfor<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">mance (Kurashvili et al. 2018; Prasad 2003).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Since the early 2000s, researchers from many countries\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">involved purify wastewater from heavy metals using differ<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ent algae (Daud et al.2018; Lin et al. 2020; Romera et al.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">2007; Sekomo et al. 2012; Verma and Suthar 2015; Zer<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">aatkar et al. 2016), bacteria and fungi (Chaturvedi et al.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">2015; Kim et al. 2015). Enterobacter cloacae strains can\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">absorb almost 0.03% of the copper from the polluted area.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Micrococcus luteus DE2008 is considered a microorgan<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ism capable of regenerating lead (sorption 0.7%) and cop<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">per (sorption 0.5%) of contaminated environments (Puyen<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">et al. 2012). Due to World Health Organization, Lead is a\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">is harmful to young children. Lead in the body is distributed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to the brain, liver, kidney, and bones. It is stored in the teeth\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">and bones, where it accumulates (WHO 2019).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Cyanobacteria are the most suitable bio sorbents and bio\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">accumulators because of their wide distribution and flex<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ible metabolism. They are the best detoxifiers (Cepoi et al.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">2016). Arthrospira platensis grows well in both saltwater\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">and alkaline environments (Kumar et al. 2020). It has a well\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">known Spirulina as beneficial to human health for a long\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">time, as it releases heavy metals from the liver, gastrointes<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">tinal tract, and reproductive system (Bhattacharya 2020).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">During the past 10 years, many studies have shown that\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Spirulina purifies water contaminated with chemical pollut<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ants. A recent study in a river (Yamuna) clarifies the ability\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of algae to remove heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb) from\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">water (Kumar et al. 2020). Heavy metals affect produce of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Spirulina biomass. Copper affects microorganisms. It Dis<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">rupts cellular function and inhibits enzyme activities (Dixit\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">et al. 2015; Nagajyoti et al. 2010; Salem et al. 2000).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Based on experiments conducted at the Georgian Agrar<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ian University, Spirulina showed resistance to pollutants,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">while heavy metals did not affect its biomass and chlorophyll\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">production. Arthrospira platensis showed high efficiency\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">in treating copper-contaminated water. The physiological\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">parameters of Spirulina under the influence of copper on\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">algae were studied in the 100 ppm concentration of Cu2+\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ions inhibition of biomass cumulation by 15% and decline\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of chlorophyll content by 30% (Tabagari et al. 2020). With\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">lead, it denatures nucleic acid and protein, inhibits enzymes\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">activities and transcription (Fashola et al. 2016; Nagajyoti\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">et al. 2010). We conducted experiments to investigate the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">physiological properties of Spirulina in an environment con<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">taminated with copper and lead. According to the experi<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">mental results, the mentioned heavy metals with apply of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">100 ppm did not change the physiological parameters of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Arthrospira platensis.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Our goal is to intervene to improve the biosorption of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">heavy metals by Spirulina in less time. The study we pre<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">sented is new and has never been researched.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Observe on the influence of chelators on the ability of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Spirulina we have started with EDTA as a classic cheating\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">agent. We have determined the absorbed quantity of heavy\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">metals by atomic absorption spectroscopy. As a result,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">add EDTA to the environment contaminated with copper\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">increased the absorption capacity of the Arthrospira platen<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">sis, and with lead, on the contrary, decreased it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Having outcomes of EDTA, we continued our research\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">on biosurfactants. These compounds have been considered\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">a \u201cgreen\u201d product with renewable resources (Elis acirc ngela\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">et al. 2015). Complexes of heavy metals with EDTA are\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">much more tenacious and not biodegradable (Gr\u010dman et al.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">2001).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules able to reduce the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">surface tension between two unmixable phases (Aguirre<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Ramirez et al. 2021; Otzen 2017). Many bacteria create\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">biosurfactants during the grown-on water substrates. Bio<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">surfactants are forceful under extreme temperature, pH, and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">saltiness (Kumar and Das, 2018). The biosurfactants&#8217; ability\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to increase cell membrane permeability helps enhance vari<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ous biologically active preparations (Lubenets et al. 2013).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Most overall, biosurfactants are glycolipids. Microbial gly<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">colipids are four fundamental groups: Rhamnolipids, Tre<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">halose lipids, Sophorolipids, and Mannosylerythritol lipids.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">To form a better view of the influence of biosurfactants,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">we examined three kinds of biosurfactants\u2014Rhamnolipid 1\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">(RL1) and Rhamnolipid (RL2), and Trehalose lipid (TRL).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">As the name suggests, Rhamnolipids contain a Rhamnose\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">unit or units linked to a 3-hydroxyl fatty acid unit or units\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">across the \u03b2-glycosidic bond. Rhamnolipids are mono<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Rhamnolipids and di-Rhamnolipids, depending on the num<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ber of Rhamnose units in the molecule (Tiso et al. 2017).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Trehalose lipids and Rhamnolipids can speed up biomass\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">production (Koretska et al. 2020), so we hypothesize that\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">because of this ability, the amount of metal absorbed will\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">improve after they are added. This ability of Rhamnolip<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ids and Trehalose lipids has inspired us to raise Spirulina\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">capacity to absorb copper ions. We evaluated the conse<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">quences, and all three biosurfactants had different effects on\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Arthrospira platensis capabilities. As a result, TRL worked\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">best. In particular, it increased the maximum amount of cop<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">per ions absorbed by 73%, RL2 boosted by 68% and RL1- by\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">42%.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Based on these data, it is possible in the future to apply\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">model tests of the technology in water contaminated with\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">copper.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42b8e3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42b8e3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11e982b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11e982b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Materials and Methods<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d22e78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d22e78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Influence of Cu2+and Pb2+ ions on the Formation of Biomass and Chlorophyll of Spirulina<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f82c040 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f82c040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The biomass of Spirulina platensis has been got via cultivation in standard Zarrouk\u2019s medium (pH\u20138.7; content in\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">g\/L: NaHCO3 \u2013 16.8, K2HPO4 \u2013 0.5, NaNO3 \u2013 2.5, K2SO4\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">\u2013 1.0, NaCl \u2013 1.0, MgSO4\u00b77H2O \u2013 0.2, CaCl2\u00b72H2O \u2013 0.04,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">FeSO47H2O \u2013 0.01, EDTA \u2013 0.08; and microelements kit\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">A5 \u2013 1 mL). The incubation was carried out with permanent\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">air barbotage (rate of airflow 2 L\/min), at temperature 25 \u00b0C,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">and under following illumination conditions: a photoperiod\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of lighting 16L\/8D (16 h of light: 8 h of dark), a total photo<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">synthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of \u00bb 15 \u03bcmol m\u22122\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">s\u22121<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>From many experiments on the selection of the maximum concentration of metals, at which there are no significant changes in the physiologically important parameters\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of Spirulina, the formation of biomass and the production\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of chlorophyll, a concentration of 100 ppm of metal ions\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">was chosen (100 ppm consequent to 100 mg\/L metal ions).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">The presented studies were carried out at concentrations of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">100 ppm for both metals\u2014copper and lead. Experiments\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">were provided in the glass tanks (vol. 20 L). For cultivation\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of Spirulina in Cu2+-containing medium were chosen CuSO4\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">and as Pb2+-containing medium was selected Pb (NO3)2. To\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">measure the effect on biomass at the initial moment, the bio<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">mass of Arthrospira platensis was 10 g\/l and the other opti<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">mal conditions were the temperature of cultivation\u201425 \u00b0C;\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Daylight illumination; duration of incubation\u2014120 h. As\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">for the influence on form chlorophyll when water is con<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">taminated with heavy metals, in the control sample (without\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">contamination) chlorophyll was 8 mg\/g of fresh Spirulina\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">biomass.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>For measurement of fresh biomass productivity and chlorophyll formation by Spirulina, the following method was elaborated: the incubation medium was centrifuged at<br \/>1000 g for 20 min, and the obtained pellet was weighted. The obtained fresh biomass was treated with acetone and contains chlorophyll was determined spectrophotometrically at 652 nm according to the standard method (Arnon 1949).<br \/>The biomass of Arthrospira platensis in incubation medium\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">has been measured spectrophotometrically at 750 nm (But<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">terwick et al. 1982). The chlorophyll content in the initial\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">control solution was 8 mg\/g in the fresh biomass of Spir<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ulina. The tests on chlorophyll and biomass were carried\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">out at 100 ppm for both metals (Lead and Copper) 1st and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">2nd samples were taken after 4 and 8 h on the first day and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">others once a day on subsequent days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>To exclude the number of heavy metals that can pass into sediments, a test was carried out directly on the biomass of Spirulina platensis to measure Cu2+ and Pb2+ content by\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">atomic absorption methods. Tests were carried out on arti<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ficially contaminated water with a concentration of 100 ppm\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of Pb2+ and 100 ppm Cu2+, respectively. Samples were taken\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">every 4 h on the first day and once a day for the next four\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">days. A control sample was taken before heavy metal con<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">tamination of the water. Spirulina biomass ranged from 4.0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to 4.5 g\/L. Disintegrate samples were carried out according\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to GOST 30,178\u20131996 by ash method (Caroli 2006; Inter<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">standard 2013). Air-dried samples were weighed and placed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">on porcelain jars. After firing the samples in a muffle furnace\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">at 550 \u00b0C for 2\u20133 h, a few drops of concentrated nitric acid\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">were added to the dry residue and again placed in a muf<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">fle for 20\u201330 min. The procedure is repeated until the dry\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">residue turns yellowish and the particles of black coal cease\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to appear. Then, 5 ml of hydrochloric acid was added to the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">cooled sample in a 1\/1 ratio. The solution was transferred\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to a 25 ml flask and filled with distilled water. In the same\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">way, a null solution was prepared using an empty amount.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">The samples were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Spectrophotometer\u2014Perkin Elmer A Analyst 200.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efce739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"efce739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Addition of EDTA to determine the effect of the ability of Spirulina on the absorption of heavy metals<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8704cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8704cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Because of the chelating properties of EDTA, it has been useful to figure out how to increase the absorption capacity\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of Arthrospira platensis about heavy metals. Thus, labora<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">tory analyzes were performed on Spirulina plus EDTA to\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">compare the number of heavy metals penetrate the Spirulina\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">mass over the next 120 h.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Spirulina biomass was 10 mg L\u22121<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">. The incuba<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">tion was carried out in a 50 \u00d7 20 \u00d7 25 glass aquarium\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">(in cm, length \u00d7 width \u00d7 height) with constant air bar<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">botage (air flow rate 2 L min\u22121<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">), temperature 25 \u00b0C,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">with the following lighting conditions: 24 L\/0 D, PPFD\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">15 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">\u00b7s\u22121<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">. These experiments were carried out on\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">both heavy metals, copper and lead to be investigated. A\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">sample of Arthrospira platensis was taken from the incu<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">bation area for test in 1-L flasks. There were added salts\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">CuSO4 and Pb (NO3)2, respectively, for artificial pollution\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">with copper and lead (100 ppm). Two control samples\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">were taken, to check the metal content in them. Control\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">a0 (Arthrospira platensis), and Sample b0 (Spirulina plat<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ensis + EDTA). In the other samples, the chelating agent\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">was added twice than copper and lead accordingly. Sam<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">pling was carried out for 4 h, 1 time during the first day\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">and the following days, 1 time per day, including the fifth\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">day 20 ml. Sample was centrifuged for 5 min at 1000 g\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to get 2 g of Spirulina biomass. Contain lead and copper\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">were determined by the atomic absorption method in the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">got mass of Spirulina.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c94b16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c94b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The influence of biosurfactants on the absorption of heavy metals (Cu2+and Pb2+) by Spirulina<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b04d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46b04d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Microbial synthesis of the Rhamnolipid biosurfactants was conducted using the Pseudomonas sp. PS-17 strain<br \/>(from the collection of Department of Physical Chemistry\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of Fossil Fuels of InPOCCC, National Academy of Sci<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ences of Ukraine). The strain synthesizes homologous\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">extracellular Rhamnolipids and extracellular biopolymer,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">which form a surface-active complex with Rhamnolipids\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">(Semeniuk et al. 2020).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The Rhamnolipids, RL1, and RL2, contain one and two Rhamnose residues respectively, and two residues of 1-\u03b2-hydroxidecanoic acids. Containing RLs and TRL were determined spectrophotometrically (UVmini\u20131240,\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Shimadzu, Japan) using the orcinol method. The Rham-\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">nolipids were isolated by extraction with Folch mixture\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">(chloroform\u2013methanol 2:1) which was further separated\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">and analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (Lubenets\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">et al. 2013).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>For finding out the effect of biosurfactants, two different Rhamnolipids were used: Rhamnolipid1 (mono-Rhamnolipid) and Rhamnolipid2 (di-Rhamnolipid), also\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Trehalose lipid. Spirulina biomass was sampled in the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">one-liter flask to analyze each biosurfactant and heavy\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">metals. For artificial pollution with copper and lead, lead\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">nitrate and copper sulfate salts were used, respectively.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Analysis was carried out for three kinds of biosurfactants\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">in different flasks. The number of biosurfactants was\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">added to 0.01% of the total solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The combination of analytical samples was distributed: Spirulina+copper+RL1; Spirulina+copper+RL2;\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Spirulina + copper + TRL; Spirulina + lead + RL1; Spir<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ulina + lead + RL2; Spiruluna + lead + TRL.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Analytical samples were taken 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">72 h, 96 h, and 120 h after application of the biosur<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">factants. The analyses were performed by the atomic\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">absorption method.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">The computation of results was carried out in Micro<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">soft Excel (Version 2019). The statistics were subjected\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">to a one-way analysis of variance. The data presented\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">represent the mean of triplicates \u00b1 standard deviation.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-966fadd e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"966fadd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18b7b43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"18b7b43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"223\" height=\"223\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/xstore\/xstore-placeholder.png?fit=1%2C1&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2428 lazyload lazyload-simple et-lazyload-fadeIn\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 223px) 100vw, 223px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig1.png?fit=223%2C223&amp;ssl=1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig1.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig1.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig1.png?resize=3%2C2&amp;ssl=1 3w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 1 The influence of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the formation of biomass of Spirulina platensis [p=0.038]. Spirulina biomass decreased\nby 20% in the copper contaminated incubation area as well as in the lead-contaminated area after 48 h<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b96bdd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b96bdd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"229\" height=\"229\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/xstore\/xstore-placeholder.png?fit=1%2C1&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2430 lazyload lazyload-simple et-lazyload-fadeIn\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 229px) 100vw, 229px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig2.png?fit=229%2C229&amp;ssl=1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig2.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig2.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig2.png?resize=3%2C2&amp;ssl=1 3w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 2 The influence of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the formation of Chlorophyll of Spirulina platensis [p=0.047]. Chlorophyll production was reduced by 25% in the copper-contaminated incubation area and in\nthe lead-contaminated area after 72 h<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b806058 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b806058\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1034dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c1034dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42aa8d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42aa8d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Results and Discussion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec72a4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec72a4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Results of different concentration Cu2+and Pb2+ ions on the formation of biomass and chlorophyll\nof Spirulina<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcf586a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcf586a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As a result, Spirulina will exhibit its remedial properties in 100 ppm polluted water. As observed on Fig. 1. Copper and Lead cannot inhibit the main physiological indicator (biomass) of the developed Arthrospira platensis.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The results shown in Fig. 2 illustrate heavy metals are not an obstacle to the biological production of chlorophyll.\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">In 100 ppm copper solution, chlorophyll formation is sup<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">pressed by only 25%. As a result, the process of photo<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">synthesis lasts since heavy metals (copper and lead) do\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">not destroy it. Absorb solar energy and its transformation\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">into the chemical energy of organic substances continue.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">As observed, there are no significant changes that create\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">chlorophyll.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dfefee e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0dfefee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad67cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ad67cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"248\" height=\"248\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/xstore\/xstore-placeholder.png?fit=1%2C1&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2436 lazyload lazyload-simple et-lazyload-fadeIn\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig3.png?fit=248%2C248&amp;ssl=1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig3.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig3.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig3.png?resize=3%2C2&amp;ssl=1 3w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 3 Heavy metals absorbed by Spirulina, by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer [p=0.035]. The maximum amount of Cu2+ ions absorbed by 1 g fresh biomass of Spirulina is 19 ppm in 72 h. With Pb2+ ions, the maximum absorption is 71 ppm in 72 h. The controls had a lead and copper content of 0<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c2932b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7c2932b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"239\" height=\"239\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/xstore\/xstore-placeholder.png?fit=1%2C1&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2438 lazyload lazyload-simple et-lazyload-fadeIn\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 239px) 100vw, 239px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig4.png?fit=239%2C239&amp;ssl=1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig4.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig4.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig4.png?resize=3%2C2&amp;ssl=1 3w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 4 Effect of EDTA on Cu2+ ions uptake by Spirulina platensis [p=0.033]. EDTA increased the amount of copper absorbed by Spirulina by 63%. The copper content in both controls were 0<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12a0530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12a0530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The number of metals absorbed by the algae was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. As shown in diagrams, in the control samples, the heavy metals existing in\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">the pure Spirulina biomass were equal to 0. As a result, lead\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">penetration is 3.5 times higher than copper. Figure 3 shows\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">data for both metals. Maximum absorb was observed at 72 h\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">for 5 days.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-653686e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"653686e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effect of EDTA on the absorption of heavy metals (Cu2+and Pb2+) by Spirulina during the 120 h<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721925d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721925d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since adding EDTA, the results show that the ability to\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">absorb Spirulina is increased in the first 8 h for both met<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">als. However, the maximum amount of absorbed metal\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">differs between copper and lead samples. From a copper-<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">contaminated environment, it boosted by 63%. In contrast, it\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">decreased with lead by 10%. Thus, EDTA only helped speed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">up the penetration process (Figs. 4 and 5).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caadb97 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"caadb97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-047dc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"047dc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"221\" height=\"221\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/xstore\/xstore-placeholder.png?fit=1%2C1&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2443 lazyload lazyload-simple et-lazyload-fadeIn\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 221px) 100vw, 221px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig5.png?fit=221%2C221&amp;ssl=1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig5.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig5.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig5.png?resize=3%2C2&amp;ssl=1 3w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 5 Effect of EDTA on Pb2+ ions uptake by Spirulina platensis\n[p=0.045]. The maximum amount absorbed by Spirulina is 10% higher than by Spirulina in the consortium with EDTA. The lead content in both controls were 0<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb37a44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb37a44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"235\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/xstore\/xstore-placeholder.png?fit=1%2C1&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2445 lazyload lazyload-simple et-lazyload-fadeIn\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig6.png?fit=235%2C235&amp;ssl=1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig6.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig6.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig6.png?resize=3%2C2&amp;ssl=1 3w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 6 Comparative analysis of biosurfactants RL1, RL2 and TRL on the absorption capacity of Cu2+ ions by Spirulina platensis [p=0.031]. RL1 increased the amount of copper absorbed by Spirulina by 42%. RL2 increased by 68%, and TRL by 73%. The copper content in controls were 0<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e7fb61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e7fb61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It can be assumed that chelating copper with EDTA is more easily absorbed by Spirulina than lead. Probably, the\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">fact that lead is slightly more than 3 times heavier than cop<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">per plays an important role in this respect. It was interesting\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">for us whether the same trend would show up in the differ<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ence between copper and lead in the case of biosurfactants.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2705a46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2705a46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Influence of biosurfactants on the ability of Spirulina to purify water. Results of absorption of Cu2+and Pb2+ ions with the combined action of Spirulina and biosurfactants<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6704017 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6704017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to the results, the lipid Rhamnolipid1, Rhamnolipid2, and Trehalose showed unique properties in combination with Spirulina for both metals (Figs. 6 and 7).\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">As shown in the comparable graphs, RL1 accelerated the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">absorption process during the first 8 h. RL2 shifted the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">absorption peak from 72 to 48 h for lead contamination.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">But with copper, the peak remains for 72 h. However, the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">maximum amount of absorbed metals was increased by cop<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">per, not lead. The Trehalose lipid showed better results than\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">both rhamnolipids in absorbing heavy metals by Spirulina\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">platensis, which will be taken into account in process of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">creating a wastewater treatment technology. Biosurfactants\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">activate the remedial abilities of Spirulina\u2014particularly,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">RL1 increased the maximum amount of absorbed Cu2+ ions\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">by 42%, RL2 increased the maximum amount of absorbed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Cu2+ ions by 68%, and TRL by 73%. The action of biosur<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">factants is even more important because of their environ<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">mental friendliness.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1bfd81 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e1bfd81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20be625 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"20be625\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"245\" height=\"245\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/xstore\/xstore-placeholder.png?fit=1%2C1&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2448 lazyload lazyload-simple et-lazyload-fadeIn\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig7.png?fit=245%2C245&amp;ssl=1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig7.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig7.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fig7.png?resize=3%2C2&amp;ssl=1 3w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 7 Comparative analysis of biosurfactants RL1, RL2 and TRL on the absorption capacity of Pb2+ ions by Spirulina platensis [p=0.038]. The maximum amount of lead ions absorbed by Spirulina is 72%, Spirulina in consortium with RL1 \u2013 14%, with RL2 \u2013 22%, and with TRL \u2013 38%. The lead content in controls were 0<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20a8895 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20a8895\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In bioremediation, scientists have studied different methods to improve the remediation skills of Spirulina. For that\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">reason, some add carbohydrates to increase the number of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">absorbed metals (Markou et al. 2015). Others studied the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">intake capacity of dry and raw Spirulina and discovered that\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">dry was more skillful at purifying water than raw one (Al-<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Homaidan et al. 2014). However, the increase picked up in\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">both investigations does not exceed 5%. Still, we involved\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">improving the absorption of heavy metals by algae in less\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">time. And the amount of absorbed copper increased by 73%\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">with Trehalose lipid.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">Here, should be noted\u2014after reaching the maximum con<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">centration of metal in Spirulina biomass\u2014at 72 h, the metal\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">returns to the incubation medium. This requires further\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">research. At this stage, one can only assume that this may\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">be because of the osmotic gradient. Of course, this behavior\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">of Arthrospira platensis must be considered in remediation\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">methods against metals. The release of metal from Spir<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">ulina into the solution after 72 h of incubation occurs less in\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">experiments with the EDTA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The advantages of Spirulina are that it can multiply in salty and even alkaline environments, which are a barrier to other microorganisms. Still, many studies prove the ability of various microorganisms to absorb heavy metals and their\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">apparent ability to purify water. However, Spirulina is the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">cheapest, healthiest and friendliest product, as its medicinal\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">properties were researched many centuries ago.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cb1645 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1cb1645\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6955c99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6955c99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47324a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47324a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This paper clarifies the role of biosurfactants in enhancing the remediation abilities of Spirulina in copper contaminated\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">water. The presented study showed the ecological poten<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">tial of Arthrospira platensis concerning heavy metals. The\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">data got revealed their joint action. A series of tests show\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">that absorb Cu2+ ions into Spirulina biomass was improved\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">and sped up by the use of chelating agents and producents\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">of bacteria\u2014biosurfactants. EDTA increased the absorp<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">tion of copper ions by Spirulina by 63%, Rhamnolipid1 by\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">42%, Rhamnolipid2 by 68%, and Trehalose lipid by 73%.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">However, Spirulina itself absorbs 29% more lead from a\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">lead-contaminated environment than by consortium with\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Trehalose lipid. So, from the lead-contaminated water, the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">chelating agents only sped up the absorption process. Elimi<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">nation of copper and lead ions from the contaminated site\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">within 72 h was shown to speed up this process to 48 h after\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">additional biosurfactants.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This topic can provide a cheap and friendly approach to purifying wastewater from lead and copper ions. Further studies will include an ultrastructural analysis of Spirulina and reveal the mechanisms of sorption and desorption of metals by Spirulina more accurately also Mass-spectrometry\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">provides important information that leads to the identifica<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">tion and quantification of the individual capabilities of bio-<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">surfactants\u2014how they can improve the penetration of heavy\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">metals into the Spirulina platensis. As a result, the basic idea\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">of mechanisms for improving and accelerating the absorp<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">tion properties of heavy metals by biomass Arthrospira plat<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">ensis with the addition of ecological additives-biosurfactants\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">was implemented with a reasonable result.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Acknowledgements <\/b><i>We would like to thank our colleagues for their backing and support: <\/i>Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Angelika Ploeger,\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (SAFS), Project Direc<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">tor \u2013 VW, Kassel University, Germany; Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. mult.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Hartmut Vogtmann \u2013 Kassel University, Germany; Professor Vakhtang\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Lezhava Rector of the Agricultural University of Georgia; Professor\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Dr. Teo Urushadze, Dean of Agricultural and Nature Science School\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">at the Agricultural University of Georgia, SAFS program director from\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Georgia; Natia Samushia Vice-Rector of the Agricultural University of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Georgia; Professor Nato Kobakhidze, Ph.D. School coordinator of the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Agricultural University of Georgia; Nino Katcharava SAFS program\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">coordinator.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Author contributions<\/b> All authors contributed to the study\u2019s conception\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">performed by [IT]; Conceptualization: [IT] and [TV]; Methodology:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">[GK], [MK] and [MP]; Formal analysis and investigation: [IT] and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">[LC]; The first draft of the manuscript was written by [IT] and all\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align);\">authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">read and approved the final manuscript; Writing \u2013 review and editing:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">[PvF und N], [OK] and [VL]; Resources: [OK] and [VL]; Supervision:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">[TV] and [Pvon F und N].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-align: var(--text-align);\"><b>Funding <\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">This work was supported by co-financing (No 04\/47) of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (SRNSF) and Volkswa<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">gen Foundation, the Doctoral Program &#8220;Sustainable and Agricultural\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">Food Systems&#8221; (SAFS).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Availability of data and material <\/b>The datasets generated during and\/or\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align);\">author on reasonable request.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79faf1c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"79faf1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6233d4a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6233d4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17498de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17498de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d81d1ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d81d1ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aguirre-Ramirez M, Silva-Jimenez H, Banat IM, Diaz-De-Rienzo MA (2021) Surfactants: physicochemical interactions with biological macromolecules. 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Natl Libr Med 1315:6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--et_container-bg-color,transparent);\">nyas.12347Accessed23August2021<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enhancement of Spirulina platensis Remediation Action Using Biosurfactants for Wastewater Treatment Pollution of water systems with heavy metals is an urgent problem for many countries&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[269],"tags":[176,259,111,172],"class_list":["post-2419","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecology","tag-ecology","tag-environmental-technologies","tag-environmentally-friendly-products","tag-organic-agriculture"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/avelife.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/8fd7374e-bd32-4f85-9cfd-519b52b0ad31-1.png?fit=1536%2C1024&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2419","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2419"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2419\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2468,"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2419\/revisions\/2468"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2420"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2419"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/avelife.pro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}